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Public libraries in the American Colonies can be traced back to 1656, when a Boston merchant named Captain Robert Keayne willed his collection of books to the town.〔Harris, H. M. (1999). ''History of libraries in the western world'' (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, Inc.〕 Many of the early colonists had brought books with them from England. Church collections of books used by the public served as early versions of libraries in New England around the 18th century. One such example is the Kings Chapel Library in Boston, which was founded in 1698 with book donations from the Bishop of London.〔 Reverend Thomas Bray was instrumental in the establishment of libraries for public use. This Anglican clergyman had sponsored several parish libraries in England, and from 1695-1704 he managed to establish 70 libraries in the American Colonies. These included five provincial libraries located in the major cities of time, 39 parochial libraries at Anglican parishes, and 35 layman libraries where ministers were allowed to loan the materials to their local residents. Bray's provincial libraries in Maryland and South Carolina were both the beneficiaries of the first laws passed by the local legislation to secure and maintain the libraries in their provinces.〔 In 1731, Benjamin Franklin and his fellow members of the Junto established the Library Company of Philadelphia.〔Battles, M. (2003). ''Library: an unquiet history''. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc.〕 This type of subscription library brought access to books for the residents who paid to become a member. It also served as a model and inspiration for many other libraries that began to spring up throughout the colonies. Other types of libraries included commercial circulating libraries, athenaeums, and school-district libraries. The start of the development of the American library as we know it today, however, began in full force between 1850 and 1900. == Early History, prior to 1900 == 1600s British colonists brought their love of books to America with the deceased often leaving their collections to the public. For example, Robert Keayne left his collection to his community; Boston Town Hall, considered a "subscription" or "society" library.〔Murray, Stuart A.P.(2009) The Library: An Illustrated History〕 1800s Library of Congress: The destruction of the Library of Congress by the British in the War of 1812 was devastating. However, the purchase of Thomas Jefferson's personal library which contained more of a broad interest influenced future public library content.〔Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009) The Library: An Illustrated History〕 Public Library Advocates 1833 The New York State school district raises taxes for public libraries. 1833 Reverend Abiel Abbot urged the citizens of Peterborough, New Hampshire to establish a public library, which would be free to citizens and paid for by taxes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://peterboroughtownlibrary.org/about/history/ )〕 1841 In Boston, Alexandre Vattemare promoted the development of a public library.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://archives.nypl.org/mss/3149 )〕 1876 The American Library Association (ALA) is fundamental for the continued advocacy and political involvement of public libraries.〔http://www.ala.org〕 Women's organizations were instrumental in advocating for public libraries importance and shaping the role of public libraries. Caroline M. Hewing, librarian and library advocate, was the first children's library associate. Since revenue from property taxes and federal funding alone does not support public libraries, advocates look to new ways of obtaining money: They seek private donations from library advocates Andrew Carnegie's vast donations set precedent for philanthropist's vital participation.〔 (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation ) provide internet access and computer related grants. However, there is much controversy involved in whether private donations can hurt the integrity of libraries. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of public library advocacy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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